Biotecnología & Nanotecnología al Instante
Un periódico mensual para vivir el presente pensando el futuro.
lunes, 19 de octubre de 2026
Cuando el conocimiento encuentra su propio camino.
miércoles, 14 de octubre de 2026
2026 Nobel Prize in Economics: Focused on the Micro, When the World Needs the Nanoeconomy
1) Hall, Robert E. 1978. Stochastic
Implications of the Life Cycle-Permanent Income Hypothesis: Theory and
Evidence. Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol.
86(6), pages 971-987, December. DOI: 10.1086/260724
2) Woodford, Michael. 2023. Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory
of Monetary Policy. Princeton University Press.
lunes, 5 de octubre de 2026
Del Nobel de Medicina 2026 a la nano-optogenética.
Nagel, G., Ollig, D., Fuhrmann, M., Kateriya,
S., Musti, A.-M., Bamberg, E. & Hegemann, P. (2002). Channelrhodopsin-1: a
light-gated proton channel in green algae. Science, 296(5577), 2395–2398.
Nagel, G., Szellas, T., Huhn, W., Kateriya,
S., Adeishvili, N., Berthold, P., Ollig, D., Hegemann, P. & Bamberg, E.
(2003). Channelrhodopsin-2,
a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 100(24), 13940–13945.
Boyden, E. S., Zhang, F., Bamberg, E., Nagel,
G. & Deisseroth, K. (2005). Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of
neural activity. Nature Neuroscience,
8(9), 1263–1268.
Zhang, F., Wang, L.-P., Boyden, E. S. &
Deisseroth, K. (2006). Channelrhodopsin-2
and optical control of excitable cells. Nature Methods, 3(10), 785–792.
Gunaydin, L. A., Yizhar, O., Berndt, A.,
Sohal, V. S., Deisseroth, K. & Hegemann, P. (2010). Ultrafast optogenetic control. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 387–392.
Deisseroth, K. & Hegemann, P. (2017). The form and function of
channelrhodopsin. Science,
357(6356), eaan5544.
Wang, Q. et al. (2024). Tetherless Optical Neuromodulation: Wavelength from Orange-red to Mid-infrared. [Review].
D'Andrea A. L (2006) Nanopsicología, la psicología del siglo XXI. Editorial Autores de Argentina. www.amazon.com/dp/B0GHLJGCK9
miércoles, 30 de septiembre de 2026
Nanoeconomía: Heredera de la Rerum novarum del papa León XIII
Bibliografía.
www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/es/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html
León XIII. Rerum novarum: Encíclica sobre la cuestión obrera. Ediciones Paulinas. 1976. Buenos Aires. Argentina.
Alberto L. D’Andrea. Tiempo de Nanoeconomía. Biotecnología & Nanotecnología al Instante. 16/05/2020.
www.blogger.com/u/3/blog/post/edit/5572124778189253502/6050429811326768747
Alberto L. D’Andrea. Nanoeconomía & Nanotecnología. Biotecnología & Nanotecnología al Instante. 20/12/2014
www.blogger.com/u/3/blog/post/edit/5572124778189253502/8554458025742423240
viernes, 18 de septiembre de 2026
Artificial Intelligence Begins to “Read the Brain”
In recent years, machine learning has made it possible to move beyond the simple classification of brain states toward the decoding of perceptual information. There are already studies using electroencephalography (EEG) signals to identify features of the images a person is viewing and even to generate images from those signals. A study published in 2023, for example, developed a method based on diffusion models—generative models primarily used for image generation—to reconstruct images from electroencephalography. Other studies published in 2024 used neural networks and diffusion models to directly transform electroencephalography signals into visual representations; one of them also demonstrated the possibility of applying the procedure to magnetoencephalography data. In 2026, the work known as NeuroVision continued this line of research through a deep-learning-based system for reconstructing images from electroencephalography.
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| Comparison between the real image and the image obtained through Brain-IT (1) |
miércoles, 16 de septiembre de 2026
La inteligencia artificial comienza a "leer el cerebro"
En este contexto aparecen las investigaciones de la Agencia de Proyectos de Investigación Avanzada de Defensa de Estados Unidos. Su programa de neurotecnología no invasiva de próxima generación buscó desarrollar una interfaz capaz de establecer comunicación bidireccional con el cerebro sin recurrir necesariamente a los implantes convencionales. Lo interesante es que no se apoyó en un único principio físico. Los diferentes grupos exploraron caminos basados en magnetismo, electricidad, ultrasonido y óptica. Entre ellos se investigaron nanotransductores magnetoeléctricos capaces de convertir fenómenos eléctricos en magnéticos y viceversa; ultrasonido combinado con técnicas ópticas para acceder a regiones cerebrales profundas; detección óptica de cambios asociados con la actividad neuronal; campos magnéticos y ultrasonido para inducir estimulación; y magnetómetros extremadamente sensibles para detectar los diminutos campos magnéticos producidos por las neuronas. La idea común era conseguir dos operaciones complementarias: detectar lo que sucede en el cerebro y, eventualmente, introducir información nuevamente en él.
![]() |
| Comparación de la imagen real con la obtenida mediante Brain-IT (1) |
De este modo comienza a delinearse una nueva arquitectura tecnológica. Primero, el cerebro produce actividad eléctrica y magnética; después, los sensores captan esas señales; el aprendizaje automático identifica patrones; la inteligencia artificial los interpreta; y los modelos generativos pueden convertir esa información en imágenes, palabras o acciones. Las investigaciones de la Agencia de Proyectos de Investigación Avanzada de Defensa agregan la posibilidad inversa: utilizar principios físicos como el magnetismo, el ultrasonido, la electricidad o la óptica para transmitir información hacia el cerebro.
El verdadero salto tecnológico, entonces, no consiste simplemente en “leer la mente”. Consiste en avanzar desde una comunicación en un solo sentido hacia un circuito cerebro–inteligencia artificial: detectar, interpretar, responder y eventualmente estimular. El cerebro deja de ser solamente el órgano que controla una máquina y comienza a convertirse en parte de un sistema de comunicación en el que la inteligencia artificial puede interpretar señales neuronales y, en determinadas tecnologías experimentales, devolver información al sistema nervioso. Es precisamente en esa convergencia entre neurociencia, nanotecnología e inteligencia artificial donde podría comenzar una nueva etapa de la relación entre la mente natural y la mente artificial.
viernes, 4 de septiembre de 2026
The New Scientific Method
Once the data have been obtained, AI can analyze the results. It can detect patterns that are not obvious to a human observer, compare results with enormous databases, identify anomalies, and determine which variables appear to have the greatest influence.
AI can use those results to propose new hypotheses. In other words, the outcome of an experiment does not necessarily represent the end of the process. It immediately becomes information for designing the next experiment.
Science acquires a dynamic much closer to a continuous learning loop than to a sequence of steps. This characteristic makes it possible to speak of an accelerated discovery cycle.
In the classical model, each experimental cycle may require days, weeks, months, or even years. Between one experiment and the next, there are numerous human tasks: reviewing the literature, designing protocols, preparing materials, performing calculations, conducting the experiment, processing the data, and deciding what to do next.
In an integrated AI and automation system, some of these stages can be performed in parallel or with much less human intervention.
This does not mean that scientists will no longer be necessary. On the contrary, their role may acquire a different kind of importance.
In the classical model, the researcher participates directly in virtually every stage. In the new model, the researcher may progressively become the director, supervisor, and guide of the discovery process. They will be responsible for formulating major questions, establishing objectives, determining which problems are worth investigating, evaluating the relevance of discoveries, and ensuring that the results are scientifically valid. They will also have to establish boundaries.
The comparative figure makes it possible to visualize two ways of doing science. On the left is a linear, sequential, and predominantly human-centered science. On the right is an iterative, collaborative, AI-assisted science, in which the boundaries between knowledge generation, experimentation, and analysis are becoming much more dynamic.
The true conceptual leap may lie in the fact that AI does not merely use existing knowledge; it also participates in the search for knowledge that does not yet exist.
We are therefore facing a possible profound transformation of scientific practice: from the scientist who executes each stage of a process to the scientist who directs a discovery system capable of learning from every experiment and using that learning to decide what to investigate next.
Science no longer advances only experiment after experiment; it begins to learn experiment after experiment. The iterative-evolutionary new scientific method could become one of the most consequential transformations in science in the twenty-first century.
domingo, 30 de agosto de 2026
El nuevo método científico
sábado, 29 de agosto de 2026
Beyond the Human Brain: The Birth of a New Intelligence
Communication would also have to change. Neuromorphic networks can employ event-based communication, transmitting information primarily when relevant activity occurs. Three-dimensional interconnections, combined with electronics, spintronics, and photonics, could make it possible to communicate among enormous numbers of elements while maintaining low energy consumption. The result would be a distributed architecture in which there would not necessarily be a single “center” equivalent to the human brain.
The first intelligence truly superior to human intelligence may therefore not be an electronic version of the human brain, but rather a new form of intelligence whose architecture, memory, perception, learning, communication, and representation of reality are radically different from our own.
Rather than reproducing our brain, the challenge could be to create the material conditions for a new architecture of intelligence to emerge. This could represent one of the great leaps in technological and cognitive evolution achieved through technological convergence: moving from machines that imitate human capabilities to systems capable of developing forms of processing and cognition that have never existed in nature.
Kudithipudi, D., Schuman, C., Vineyard, C. M., et al. (2025). Neuromorphic computing at scale. Nature, 637, 801–812.
Li, J., Abbas, H., Ang, D. S., Ali, A., & Ju, X. (2023). Emerging memristive artificial neuron and synapse devices for the neuromorphic electronics era. Nanoscale Horizons, 8, 1456–1484.
Duan, S., et al. (2024). Memristor-Based Neuromorphic Chips. Advanced Materials.
Xia, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, Z., et al. (2024). Organic iontronic memristors for artificial synapses and bionic neuromorphic computing. Nanoscale, 16, 1471–1489.
Bae, J., Won, J., & Shim, W. (2024). The rise of memtransistors for neuromorphic hardware and in-memory computing. Nano Energy, 126, 109646.
Farmakidis, N., Dong, B., & Bhaskaran, H. (2024). Integrated photonic neuromorphic computing: opportunities and challenges. Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering, 1, 358–373.
Vianello, E., & Payvand, M. (2024). Scaling neuromorphic systems with 3D technologies. Nature Electronics, 7, 419–421.
Huang, X., Tong, L., Xu, L., et al. (2025). 2D MoS₂-based reconfigurable analog hardware. Nature Communications, 16, 101.
D’Andrea A. L. (2026 ) Nanopsicología. La psicología del siglo XXI. Editorial Autores de Argentina. www.amazon.com/dp/B0GHLJGCK9













